Caspoc Simulation & Animation for Power Electronics & Electric Drives

FAQ

How to choose a value for dt and Tscreen?
It depends on the type of application. As a general rule of thumb, dt is selected such that it is 10 to 100 times smaller than the smallest time transient occurring in your simulation. For example, if the switching frequency equals 20kHz, the period equals 50μs. To have at least an accuracy of 1% in the dutycycle, time steps of 50μs/100=500ns should be considered. Therefore a timestep of at least dt=500ns or even more accurate dt=100ns should be selected. Tscreen can be chosen such to have at least 1000 simulation steps on your screen. In the 20kHz example, you could choose 1000*500ns=500μs. Practical time steps are:
  • SMPS(100kHz)
    dt=(1/100)(1/Fs), for Fs=100kHz choose dt=100ns
    Tscreen=1ms
  • SMPS(500kHz)
    dt=(1/100)(1/Fs), for Fs=500kHz choose dt=20ns
    Tscreen=200μs
  • AC grid
    dt=(1/100)(1/50Hz)=200μ, choose dt=100μs
    Tscreen=1s for overview and Tscreen=100ms for detailed view of waveforms.
  • AC machines(N=1500-3000rpm)
    dt=(1/100)(1/50Hz)=200μ, choose dt=100μs
    Tscreen=1s for overview and Tscreen=100ms for detailed view of waveforms.
  • AC machines(N=9000rpm)
    dt=(1/100)(1/150Hz)=65μ, choose dt=20μs
    Tscreen=200ms for overview and Tscreen=20ms for detailed view of waveforms.
  • Analog control systems with Bandwidth in Hz
    dt=(1/100)(1/Bandwidth), for Bandwidth=1kHz choose dt=10μs
    Tscreen=100ms for overview and Tscreen=10ms for detailed view of waveforms.
  • Digital control systems with sampling time Ts
    Choose at least dt<=Ts
    Tscreen=10000*Ts for overview and Tscreen=1000*Ts for detailed view of waveforms.
Rerunning the simulation with half or even less time step dt gives insight in the accuracy of the results. Always perform a second simulation with dt=dt/2 or with dt=dt/5 to see if the simulations results differ.


How can I add some notes in the scope?
Export the png and open in Paint or any other graphics program, or export the data in a matlab file and open in matlab to add anything, or export to text file and open in excel.

I do not see any numerical voltage values at the nodes?
Give the node a label (right mouse click and add label) and during animation, the voltage will be shown

How to get nice scope graphs in my document?
Export the png inside the scope [File/Export png]

The characters are so small I can hardly see them?
Increase the size of the font [Options/Font]

My scope does not have a white background?
Select [Options/Options] and mark the SaveInk option

I want my graphs to be black and white ?
Select [Options/Options] and mark the Black/White option

Sometimes I see dots on the nodes and sometimes I cannot see them?
You can toggle the display of nodal dots by selecting [Options/Options] and mark the Show Nodes option

I want to hide the label and value for each component?
Select [Edit/Toggle display of label and value] and the display toggles between hidden and shown

How to add some text to my schematic?
Add a [Insert/Note] and select the display style

Can I place some frame around a group of components?
Add a [Insert/Note] and change the line display style from default to any other form. The text is displayed as header of the frame

The results in the scope are not visible by using a larger screen projector?
Increase the line thickness in the scope by selecting [Option/Line Thickness] inside the scope and choose 3 or 5 pixels for display

When I start building the schematic, a ground reference label is always inserted at the wrong node?
When you start build a new schematic from scratch, first place a ground label on the schematic by clicking the button with the ground symbol at the bottom button bar and insert the symbol

While editing I created some small wires around a node and I cannot delete them?
Select the node with the right mouse button and select [Delete Node]

I am simulating an induction motor drive, but have no idea about the parameters?
Use the model where only the amount of power and nominal speed are the main parameters, everything else is scaled automatically according the the size of the machine

What numerical algorithm does Caspoc use for the circuit analysis?
The algorithm uses nodal analysis with the euler/trapezoidal/gear rule integration. More important solves all equations simultaneously and does not generate state-space matrices which are common in other system level simulators. These state space matrices introduce convergence problems when there are large derivatives.

What are the main differences between Caspoc and SPICE?
Caspoc is designed specifically for power electronics and motor control, whereas SPICE-based programs are designed for general electronic circuits. The main differences between PSIM and SPICE relate to speed of simulation and simulation convergence or "robustness". Typically a Caspoc simulation will be significantly faster without any convergence or solve problems. Caspoc includes many building blocks unique to power electronics and motor drives and also allows for mixed domain simulation, with simulations containing the following: analog control, digital control, thermal, motor, magnetic and c code

Can Caspoc import a SPICE netlist?
A spice netlist for R L C K V I E F G H can be added in the schematic and is connected via nodes. The component NETLIST is found under Components/Circuit/Miscellaneous.

Can Caspoc import SPICE models?
The way that a circuit mode is set up and solved is different from the spice models. Therefore the complicated netlist models that some manufacturers provide do not work in Caspoc. The build in models do accept the same type of parameters (BJT, Diode and Msofet) and are preferred regarding absence convergence issues and secondly include a thermal node to simulate the combine electrical-thermal behavior

Can Caspoc simulate a digital control?
A digital control in Caspoc can be added just like any othe r block diagram and includes a number of function blocks, such as zero-order hold, unit delay, z-domain transfer function blocks, digital FIR and IIR filters, circular buffer, quantization block, and other blocks, which can be used to implement a digital control scheme. Further, an AC sweep with digital elements can be performed of a topology to determine the impacts of digital delay on the phase of plant response. This information is invaluable when implementing a control scheme in the z-domain. With Caspoc you can study the effect of different sampling rates, investigate the quantization effect of the A/D conversion with different number of bits, and evaluate the performance of a digital filter.

Can Caspoc include a digital control as source code?
You can either use the code block to write a basic C function that is simulated, or you can include a compiled code (*.dll) from any compiler using the LibML or FromML and ToML blocks.

How are the semiconductors modelled in Caspoc?
Models in Caspoc have different levels of complexity, models start with behavior or ideal characteristics and progress to non-ideal device level characteristics. The ideal circuit models are best suited for fast simulations while the models from the library can be used as a device level simulation with results comparable to a SPICE level simulation. For example multiple model levels exist for:MOSFET - ideal, conduction loss only, thermal, behavioral, IGBT - ideal, conduction loss only, thermal, behavioral, Diode - ideal, conduction loss only, thermal, behavioral, OpAmp/comparator - ideal, non-ideal, PWM control ICs - ideal, non-ideal. Ideal models are faster to solve and are best suited for simulations over multiple switching cycles, where non-ideal models should only be used when a few cycles are needed for the simulation.

How do I determine the input impedance of a power converter?
Make use of the smsg function block to inject frequencies into the converter while monitoring the input current. Once the simulation is done you can apply Ohms law to determine the impedance.

Can Caspoc simulate saturation or other nonlinear functions?
The professional version of Caspoc includes; a saturable inductor, a magnetics core model that includes saturation of the iron core, a IPM/PMSM model with non-linear Ld and Lq (look up table and/or function), induction machine models with saturating magnetizing inductance, behavioral MOSFET, IGBT, diode models. Caspoc provides lookup table function blocks which can be used to implement any non-linear function, along with a full suite of voltage and current sources that can be controlled with mathematical expressions.

Can Caspoc simulate switching losses?
Caspoc can simulate the switching losses of semiconductors with several methods. Using the combined electro-thermal models you can simulate thermally dependant switching losses of a MOSFET, IGBT and diode, When using the combined electro-thermal models the thermally dependant conduction losses are also calculated. The junction temperature of the device is determined and this is used inside the model to adapt the loss characteristics. Additionally, with the behavioral models from the library it is possible to simulate switching losses of a MOSFET and the reverse recovery of a diode. Integrating the voltage across a device with the current flowing through it will give you the switching losses.

Can I include Mathematical expressions in the block diagram?
Using the Components/Blocks/Cscript&Expression components ExpressionXX you can include any algebraic relation * /%+-(). Use the ^ symbol for for sqr and square root, like a^2, a^3 or a^0.5

Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Caspoc, But Were Afraid to Ask

1 What is new in CASPOC, A Simulation Experience!
2 What are the advantages of CASPOC to other simulation programs
3 Is everything in one window?
4 I changed the color of the waveform, but he did not change it in the scope?
5 How can I change the time scale in the scope?
6 What extensions to use for include files?
7 Where to store the include *.mod files?
8 Can I store Scope-data, HTML-data, commands, options or include files in an exported *.LIB file?
9 Where can I store my library (*.lib) files
10 Can I zoom the schematic with the cursor keys?
11 Can I scroll the schematic with the keyboard?
12 The animated object has a distorted color?
13 It seems that the arrows in the SCOPE and some animated objects are not nicely redrawn, when I continue the simulation?
14 How can I speed-up the animation?
15 Are there any shortcuts?
16 The schematic in the exported HTML or EMF file is not looking so nice?
17 Is there a variable time step?
18 Why are there no Spice models?
19 Why is not every nodal voltage and component current stored in data-files during simulation?
20 Are there standard models for semiconductors?
21 Can parameters for semiconductors be defined?
22 Can .Model parameters be used for any type of model?
23 How to model mechanical systems like drive-chains?
24 Are there models for State Machines?
25 Can State-Space equations be included as the model?
26 Why is there no script language for definition of functions?
27 Is there a replay function of the simulation results?
28 What if the step size is not matching with the switch intervals, such as with PFM?
29 Is there some post processing in the Scope?
30 Can I rotate a component while dragging it on the screen?
31 Get help on the buttons in the button bar?
32 Get help on the menu items?
33 Switch the language of the user interface to German?
34 Start Caspoc from the desktop?
35 Rotate a circuit component?
36 Perform auto scaling at the end of the screen?
37 Zoom in a Scope window?
38 Open the dialog box for scope input properties?
39 Open the dialog box for scale properties?
40 Connect the input of a scope?
41 Move a selected part of the schematic?
42 Make special purpose components?
43 Export a library block?
44 Importing a library block?
45 View simulation results numerically?
46 Open a Caspoc file (*.csi) from the explorer?
47 Make a voltage source dependent on a block-diagram value?
48 Connect a switch?
49 Define constant values for inputs of a block-diagram component?
50 Couple inductors?
51 Connect nodes without wires?
52 When I create my own library block, can I add some help notes?
53 Is there a coupling to Field solvers like FEM and BEM?
54 Can I include magnetic couplings from packaging in my model?
55 Are there any other probes than the Voltage and Current blocks?
56 Is there a model for the synchronous generator?
57 Is there a dynamic model for the Mosfet?
58 Are there models for modeling heatsinks?
59 Are the scopes storing the auto-co-ordinate values?
60 Can I label the scopes?
61 Can I use the K element for coupling inductors inside a library block?
62 Are there any formulas for modeling non-linear capacitance?
63 Is there a block for weighted summing of inputs?
64 Can I use Library blocks inside another library block?
65 Are there multidimensional lookup tables?
66 Can I evaluate expressions in a block?
67 After the analysis the cursors do not stay on the waveforms?
68 How do I get a log representation for the frequency and dB representation for the amplitude?
69 How do I modify the frequency range of the small-signal representation?
70 How can I see what my circuit is doing during the small-signal analysis?
71 I performed a small signal analysis, but I do not see the transfer function in my tiny scopes?
72 Can I have more than one input per scope during the small signal analysis?
73 If I change the number of harmonics to be displayed, do I have to perform another small-signal analysis?
74 Is current measurement through controlled sources possible?
75 How to change the gain in a controlled source?
76 How to include a Spice netlist, Spice options or a Spice .Model?
77 How long can file names be?
78 What is the format of numerical data files for the Lookup Tables and the Scope?
79 What are the restrictions when using the Simulink coupling?
80 I make changes in a sample or library block, but it looks like it has no effect or gives only errors.



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Q What is new in CASPOC, A Simulation Experience!
A
  • Replay of the simulation results for failure modes and further investigation. Any point in time can be traced back and the state of the simulation on that point in time can be observed, included the animation, signals and state animation inside hierarchical models
  • Animation of the full current path
  • Animated symbols on custom library blocks
  • Drawing of mechanical system, rotating and translating. Shafts, gearboxes, springs, bearings
  • Improved library of electrical machine models
  • Easier setting of parameters for all components
  • Extended library blocks for power electronics and drive systems
  • Interface with Data Acquisition board
  • Interface with FEM programs like Ansys
  • Export of the C code from the control in the block diagram
  • Optimized C code export, independent use on any type of microcontroller or DSP
  • C code export for the fixed point TI QMATH Library
  • Export of Spice netlist from a part of the schematic to perform a detailed spice simulation based on initial conditions calculated in Caspoc.
  • Add notes and background bitmaps to your schematic.
  • Math blocks for any function evaluation
  • Multiplexing signals
  • Create scripts to run Caspoc in Batch mode
  • Parameter sweep for any component parameter
  • Bode diagram for any system to identify stability, impedance and audiosusceptibility. Obtain the Gain/Phase margin, bandwidth for any type of power electronics, no averaging models are required.
  • Animation of the contents of the hierarchical library blocks during simulation
  • Project management data can be stored with the simulation project
  • Archive function to archive the entire project with one click



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Q What are the advantages of CASPOC to other simulation programs
A
  • Animation of the electric circuit and the block diagram (see the current flow and animation of circuit components)
  • Robust simulation kernel for smps, no convergence problems. Flexible robust non-linear function solver added for modeling non-linear components
  • All signal results directly available during the simulation, mixing of circuit and block diagram signals
  • AC Small-signal analysis for every type of Switched mode power supply, even resonant converters!
  • Modeling language also for Microsoft Visual C.
  • Coupling to simulink.
  • Optimize your simulations using the Cscript language. Set parameters in your simulation and perform multiple simulations from the Cscript.
  • Block Expression where you can enter a complete function, for example, y=i1+sin(i2).
  • Block Cscript where you can enter some C code, which is interpreted. (to create state machines or model very complex models in C) The interpreted does not require a compiler, so it will be extremely handy to include some code in the model!
  • Improved user interface, with explorer like component and files selection.
  • Models for the bjt, diode, mosfet, igbt and heatsinks.
  • Direct link between the block-diagram and the circuit model, so you can solve algebraic loops.
  • Spice Diode model with spice .Model parameters.
  • Mosfet model with subset of the spice .Model parameters. Non-linear and temperature dependend.
  • Include a spice netlist, (subset).
  • C script to control your simulation.
  • Non-linear circuit elements.
  • State Event detection to identify the exact point in time of switching instants
  • Coupling to machine design tool Tesla.
  • Directly open files from the project manager.
  • Table editor for data files.
  • Temperature calculations for heatsinks coupled to semiconductors.
  • RMS and Average calculation on every trace in the scope.
  • Look up tables 1D, 2D and multi-dimensional!
  • New library blocks for control, machines, mechanical loads, etc.
  • Rotating of library blocks in the schematic.
  • AC voltage and current sources predefined.
  • Power electronics tools directly from the project manager.
  • Models for analog ICs like opamp and 555.
  • Export of embedded C code for microcontroller design.
  • Improved view of component lists.
  • Typecast block for creating Fixed Point simulations.
  • Report generator creates reports for all models in one directory. Automated running and report generation.
  • License manager and registration replaced the hardware dongle.
  • Fast simulation of Switched Mode Power Supplies without convergence problems
  • Special fast switch models for a Diode, SCR, GTO and semiconductor switches
  • Special block-diagram components for Power Electronics and Drive simulations such as DC-motor, induction machine, RMS, power-factor, harmonics and mechanical loads
  • Small signal analysis for switching converters based on the time domain model, no averaging is required
  • Libraries for modeling AC-vector drives, brushless AC drives, ab-dq transformations and mechanical loads
  • Modeling control algorithms or component behavior using C/Pascal in Dynamic Link Libraries (DLL)
  • Use the same control algorithm (C or Pascal) in your model and embedded software
  • Schematic editor for drawing your circuit, system and component models
  • Showing simulation results immediately during the simulation
  • Show not only the time-domain waveforms but also phasors and harmonics online during simulation
  • Interactive, parameter variations are immediately visible during the simulation on the screen
  • EMC testing, compare simulated harmonics aÌainst the IEC 1000-3 limit.
  • Many examples available in the area of Power Electronics and Electrical Drives, so in many cases your problem is already modeled!
  • Animation of circuit components and block diagram components.
  • Automated HTML report generator (Internet publication suitable)
  • Extended block-set
  • More standard ideal circuit components, such as IGBT, Mosfet, Zener and Schotttky diode.
  • Easier editing of library models
  • Background color or bitmap for the schematic
  • New symbols for the block diagram components
  • Animated objects for displaying rotating and moving objects
  • Ready to use animated components such as; cars, meters, elevators, motors, arrows, transport belt, spindle, etc.
  • Animated block for lamps, keys and 7-segment display
  • Extended toolbar with new buttons for viewing and zooming
  • Black/White for presentation on printed matter
  • Coloring sets of components
  • Bitmap to identify library blocks
  • Animation of nodal voltages
  • Numerical presentation of voltages and block-signals during the simulation
  • Multiple simulations with varying parameters
  • Easy selection of library blocks from the listbox
  • Help per component



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Q Is everything in one window?
A All the components, circuit and/or block diagram and the scopes for viewing the simulation results during the simulation are edited in one window.



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Q I changed the color of the waveform, but he did not change it in the scope?
A If you have only 256 color selected for your display driver, Windows will round the color to the nearest available color. Change the display settings to High Color (16 bit) or higher. Select "Settings/Control Panel", click on the icon "Display" and select the tab "Settings". Change the "Color Palette" to "High Color (16 bit)" or better.



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Q How can I change the time scale in the scope?
A Select "Simulation/Simulation Parameters". The parameter "Tscreen" defines the length of the x-axis in the scope.



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Q What extensions to use for include files?
A Use the *.mod extension to indicate that the file has to be included during simulation. In Spice the include-files are indicated with *.lib In Caspoc the *.lib are used for library files. Rename the spice files into *.mod files, when used by Caspoc.



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Q Where to store the include *.mod files?
A You can store these files in the same directory where the example is stored, or store them in the directory [Path Caspoc]\include\, where [Path Caspoc] is the directory for Caspoc.exe



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Q Can I store Scope-data, HTML-data, commands, options or include files in an exported *.LIB file?
A Only commands, edited in the commands editor can be stored in a *.Lib file. To keep .Model data in a library block, include the .Model data in the commands editor.



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Q Where can I store my library (*.lib) files
A Library files can be stored on different locations.
  1. [Caspoc]\library
  2. Use this directory for the libraries supplied by the caspoc program
  3. The three directories defended in the dialog box Options
  4. In the same directory where the Caspoc (*.csi) file is stored



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Q Can I zoom the schematic with the cursor keys?
A Use the + and - key on the numerical keypad to zoom out or zoom in.



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Q Can I scroll the schematic with the keyboard?
A If the Window with the schematic is active, you can use the following keys:
  • Use [Ctrl]+[Arrow Keys] to scroll the schematic one line.
  • Use [PgDn] to move one page down in the schematic.
  • Use [PgUp] to move one page up in the schematic.
  • Use [End] to move one page to the right in the schematic.
  • Use [Home] to move one page to the left in the schematic.
If a scope-window is opened the Ctrl+Arrow, PgDn, PgUp, Home and End keys have only an effect on the cursor in the scope window, even when the scope-window is minimized!



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Q The animated object has a distorted color?
A If you are using a colored background or a bitmap as background, the animated object can be distorted, because Caspoc makes an XOR-display. The advantage is a fast simulation where no special graphic-accelerators are necessary.
Use a solid color in the background, where the animated object is moving.



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Q It seems that the arrows in the SCOPE and some animated objects are not nicely redrawn, when I continue the simulation?
A Set the Zoom to a round value, such as 100%. In this case he is not making any round-off errors, when displaying the arrows or the animated objects.



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Q How can I speed-up the animation?
A In the Animation dialog box, set the radiobutton [Each i timestep], in order to skip i simulation timesteps before the screen is updated. Although the animation looks less smooth, the simulation is using the original timestep dt, simulation results are displayed each timestep dt in the Scopes, but the animation is only shown after i timesteps of dt.



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Q Are there any shortcuts?
A
  • [F1] to get the general Help
  • [F5] to redraw the scopes in the schematic
  • [F7] to toggle the animation during the simulation
  • [Ctrl]-[O] to open a simulation file
  • [Ctrl]-[N] to start a new schematic
  • [Ctrl]-[S] to save a simulation file
  • [Ctrl]-[P] to print a schematic
  • [Ctrl]-[X] / [Del] to cut a selection
  • [Ctrl]-[C] / [Ctrl]-[Insert] to copy a selection
  • [Ctrl]-[V] / [Shift]-[Insert] to paste a selection
  • [Ctrl]-[R] to rotate one! selected component 90' anti-clockwise
  • [Enter] to continue the simulation
  • [Esc] to pause the simulation
  • [+]/[-] on the numerical keypad to zoom the schematic
  • [Ctrl]-[Arrow key] to scroll the schematic
  • [PgDn] to move one page down in the schematic, only if no scope window is selected.
  • [PgUp] to move one page up in the schematic, only if no scope window is selected.
  • [End] to move one page to the right in the schematic, only if no scope window is selected.
  • [Home] to move one page to the left in the schematic, only if no scope window is selected.



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Q The schematic in the exported HTML or EMF file is not looking so nice?
A Set the zoom to 100% before exporting the EMF or HTML file.



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Q Is there a variable time step?
A There is no variable time step in Caspoc, because the simulation-engine does not require one for convergence.
The variable time step is required in Spice-based programs, to solve the non-linear equations using Newton-Raphson.
For example, the step-size is changed to find the zero crossing of a diode current to obtain the 'exact' moment in time the diode turns off.
In Caspoc another simulator-engine is used, which can determine a zero crossing without a variable time step. Using a 'State-Event block STE, the 'exact' zero crossing can be found.



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Q Why are there no Spice models?
A Caspoc is not Spice. The main drawbacks of Spice in the simulation of Power Electronics are the semiconductor models and the convergence problems during simulation combined with an ever-decreasing step-size slowing down the simulation and producing enormous data-files.
In Caspoc more ideal models are used, which (the library models) are more applicable to Power Electronics. The parameters are compatible with Spice parameters where applicable.



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Q Why is not every nodal voltage and component current stored in data-files during simulation?
A Storing all this information during simulation requires a lot of time, slowing the simulation down. Instead only data in 'Scopes' is stored during the simulation. You can add as many 'Scopes' as you want to view nodal voltages and component currents.



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Q Are there standard models for semiconductors?
A For the Diode, SCR, GTO, DIAC, TRIAC, ZENER, SCHOTTKY, MOSFET and IGBT there are ideal models, which are very fast and robust. They can be found in the standard library.



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Q Can parameters for semiconductors be defined?
A For the ideal semiconductors parameters like forward voltage drop, on resistance, break-down voltage, can be defined in .Model lines, the same way .Model lines are specified in Spice.
Using the blocks 'Mname' and 'MPar', parameters in .Model lines can be used for any component or block set. Combined with the library models for semiconductors, model parameters in '.Model' lines can be used for semiconductors.



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Q Can .Model parameters be used for any type of model?
A Using the blocks 'Mname' and 'MPar', parameters in .Model lines can be used for any block in the block diagram. Using the block 'ChangeE', also circuit components can be made dependent on model parameters in .Model lines.Only changing the name of the model in the block 'MName', changes the parameter set.



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Q How to model mechanical systems like drive-chains?
A There are special blockÌ for modeling shafts, gearboxes, machines, mechanical loads, etc., in the library. They can be combined in any possible order.



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Q Are there models for State Machines?
A A State Machine has to be modeled in the modeling language. In the modeling language variables can be defined fÌr storing values and states. The model in the modeling language is then used as Multi-Input / Multi-Output block in the block diagram.



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Q Can State-Space equations be included as the model?
A In the modeling language State-Space equations can be added. Any type of differential equation of the type dx/dt=f(x,t,y) can be added.



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Q Why is there no script language for definition of functions?
A There is no faster code than compiled code. Therefore it is suggested to model as much as possible (only applicable in large models) in the modeling language, since the compiler generates optimized code, compared to slow running interpreted scripts.



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Q Is there a replay function of the simulation results?
A In the 'Scope' the simulation results are stored, which can be examined using the cursor or mouse pointer.



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Q What if the step size is not matching with the switch intervals, such as with PFM?
A Using a state-event block 'STE' you can resize the step size during simulation, to let it exactly match with the variable switch intervals.



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Q Is there some post processing in the Scope?
A Using the block-diagram you can define any type of signal, such as for example, RMS, average, harmonics, THD, etc., signals, which can be displayed in a 'Scope'



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Q Can I rotate a component while dragging it on the screen?
A If you select a component from the list-box or if you are moving a component, you can rotate it during dragging by pressing the right mouse button. Note that if you are moving a component, keep the left mouse button pressed. Note that rotation only applies to circuit components.



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Q Get help on the buttons in the button bar?
A A button bar is included for easy and fast operation of the program. A help flag will pop-up if the mouse is dragged over a button in the button bar.



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Q Get help on the menu items?
A While browsing the menu, a brief help notification is displayed in the status bar.



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Q Switch the language of the user interface to German?
A Select 'Options/Language' and select the German language.



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Q Start Caspoc from the desktop?
A Dropping a caspoc file (*.csi) to the caspoc shortcut on your desktop, or the worksheet, will start the simulation of this file by CASPOC.



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Q Rotate a circuit component?
A Select a circuit component. The component is drawn with dashed lines. Press Ctrl-R to rotate the component 90'.



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Q Perform auto scaling at the end of the screen?
A When the simulation is at the end of the screen, t=n*Tscreen, the simulation will pause and the results are auto scaled in the scopes.



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Q Zoom in a Scope window?
A Simulation results can be zoomed in, by clicking and holding the left mouse button down, while dragging the mouse to select an area. Select 'Scale/Zoom Scale to Selected Area' or click the button, will resize the scope contents to the selected area.



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Q Open the dialog box for scope input properties?
A Right clicking the input of a scope, gives the dialog box for that scope input. Alternative for selecting 'Trace/Tracei' in the scope window



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Q Open the dialog box for scale properties?
A Click the right mouse button on the scale, gives the dialog box for the scale properties.



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Q Connect the input of a scope?
A Instead of specifying the component name in the dialog box 'Trace', you can make a connection by starting from the scope input. Click the left mouse button on the input of the scope. Hold the mouse button down, while dragging the mouse to a node or circuit component. Releasing the mouse button over a node will draw a wire from that node to the scope input. Releasing the mouse button over a circuit component will draw a dashed wire, indicating that the current through that component is displayed in the scope. (The direction of the flow of current is indicated by the angle of the circuit component)



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Q Move a selected part of the schematic?
A Select an area while dragging the mouse with the left mouse button down. Release the mouse button and move the selected area by dragging it with the left mouse button down. This is also useful when moving a block diagram block with the inputs



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Q Make special purpose components?
A Export a selected area of the schematic into a Library block. Both circuit and block-diagram components can be exported as one block with multiple inputs and outputs. Library blocks have the extension *.lib.



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Q Export a library block?
A To create a library block, select the area that has to be exported. If no area is selected, all components are exported. Select 'Edit/Export Library'. In the dialog box 'Export Library', select the node and select the direction of the exported node. The nodes are sorted alphabetically. Select the [Export] button to export the library block. The *.lib extension is added by the program. Please note that a wire should connect all equal nodes. Nodes that have an equal label but are not connected by a wire are not connected.



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Q Importing a library block?
A To import a library block, select 'Edit/Import Library'. Select the library (*.lib) in the dialog box and select [Open]. Give a new name for the library block and select [Ok]. Place the library block by clicking the left mouse button.
A library block can be selected from the Windows Explorer, by selecting the library block in the explorer. Drag the library block, with the left mouse button down, over the worksheet and release the left mouse button. Clicking the left mouse button again places the library block.



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Q View simulation results numerically?
A Click the right mouse button on a simulation result in the scope. The numerical value will be displayed in the list box of the scope. Use the arrow keys or the buttons to move the cursor and view the numerical results in the list box.



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Q Open a Caspoc file (*.csi) from the explorer?
A Select a Caspoc file (*.csi) from the explorer and drag the mouse over the Caspoc program with the left mouse button down. Releasing the left mouse button drops the file on Caspoc. If the previous simulation was unmodified, or saved, the dropped file is opened in Caspoc and the simulation starts automatically.



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Q Make a voltage source dependent on a block-diagram value?
A Insert a B (dependent voltage source). Connect the middle node to an output of a block-diagram component.



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Q Connect a switch?
A Select the switch S with the right mouse button, and give the switch an unique name. Insert a SWITCH block and connect the input to the gate driving output, for example the output of a block SIGNAL, producing a square wave. Select the block SWITCH with the right mouse to edit the parameters and type the unique name of the switch at Text1:______ . The name should be equal to the unique name defined for the switch S.



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Q Define constant values for inputs of a block-diagram component?
A Select the input of a block-diagram component with the right mouse button and type a numerical value. This numerical value is used in the simulation as a constant numerical value.



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Q Couple inductors?
A Insert in the commands editor [Commands/Commands] the following line:K1 L1 L2 0.99where K1 is the name of the coupling, for example K2 KL1L2 etc. L1 and L2 are the names of the inductors to be coupled and 0.99 is in this example the coupling factor. For more information see the Reference Guide.From version 2001 up you can use the circuit component K, where you specify the names of the inductors at text1 and text2



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Q Connect nodes without wires?
A Nodes with equal labels are connect with hidden wires. Nodes in the block-diagram with numerical labels are not connected. Nodes in the circuit are never connected to nodes in the block-diagram, so there you can use equal labels.



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Q When I create my own library block, can I add some help notes?
A You can create a help page in html. Give the help page the same filename as your library block, but with the .html extension and store it in the same directory as the library block is stored. You can view the help page directly from the edit component dialog box. You can edit this help file with the notepad editor or any other html editor like Word or Frontpage.



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Q Is there a coupling to Field solvers like FEM and BEM?
A In version 2001 the coupling to popular field solvers like Ansys and IES Amperes, Coulomb or Faraday is made via data files, containing results from the FEM/BEM analysis.



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Q Can I include magnetic couplings from packaging in my model?
A You can include the lumped circuit elements that are calculated by Compare® and Inca® in your model.



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Q Are there any other probes than the Voltage and Current blocks?
A In the library "probes" you will find current and voltage probes and also ready to use blocks for representing analog meters.



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Q Is there a model for the synchronous generator?
A Give us a call or send our support team an email for these models.



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Q Is there a dynamic model for the Mosfet?
A See the library Semiconductors for non-linear dynamic models, that are based on Spice parameters.



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Q Are there models for modeling heatsinks?
A There are models for heatsinks based on physical parameters and on manufacturer parameters. These models are stored in the library under Heatsink.



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Q Are the scopes storing the auto-co-ordinate values?
A Selecting Resize scopes will automatically update the co-ordinate-systems to the automatic chosen values. The next time you start the simulation, the last used co-ordinate system will be used.



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Q Can I label the scopes?
A Inside the scope, select Options/Label scope and give the label of the scope. The label of the scope is appearing in the title of the opened scope window, however not in the scope displayed in the schematic. The label is also displayed as scope title in the HTML export.



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Q Can I use the K element for coupling inductors inside a library block?
A The element K is allowed inside a library block. Using the ChangeE block you can change the value of the coupling K during the simulation. The input of the ChangeE block can be exported as input/parameter from the library block.



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Q Are there any formulas for modeling non-linear capacitance?
A The blocks CDIFF, CJUNC and CDEPL can be used for calculating a voltage dependent capacitance. Use a ChangeE Block to change the value of the capacitance in the electric circuit.



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Q Is there a block for weighted summing of inputs?
A Using the new block SUMW you can add the inputs weighted by y=i1*i2+i3-i4*i5



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Q Can I use Library blocks inside another library block?
A You can use library blocks inside another library block. The only limit is the length of the name of the components and labels inside a library block. The total length of all names and labels should be smaller than 255 characters. For example a label which is inside block2 which is inside block3 receives the name block3\block2\label.



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Q Are there multidimensional lookup tables?
A The block lookup2D can be used for a 2-dimensional lookup table.
The block lookupnD can be used for a multidimensional lookup table.



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Q Can I evaluate expressions in a block?
A Use the blocks EXPRESSION, EXPRESSION2, EXPRESSION3, EXPRESSION4, EXPRESSION5, EXPRESSION6, EXPRESSION10, EXPRESSION15, EXPRESSION20 for evaluating algebraic functions. The inputs are a, b, c, etc. Only algebraic expression using +-*/ can be used. Use Brackets ( ) for ordering equations. Use % for integer divisions and use ^ for exponentiation. Scale suffixes notations like m and u, etc. are NOT allowed, instead use 2*10^-6 for 2uFarad. A square root of the first input a is evaluated as a^0.5



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Q After the analysis the cursors do not stay on the waveforms?
A Right, only if the frequency is plotted linearly. Change this by selecting in the Scope menu:Select from the menu ScaleSelect Edit Left ScaleCheck mark [x] Log Freq. Scale



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Q How do I get a log representation for the frequency and dB representation for the amplitude?
A The amplitude is in dB for the log representation. Select the log scale for the frequency by selecting in the scope menu:Select from the menu ScaleSelect Edit Left ScaleCheck mark [x] Log Freq. Scale



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Q How do I modify the frequency range of the small-signal representation?
A Select the Number of Harmonics for the frequency representation by selecting in the scope menu:Select from the menu ScaleSelect DFT ParametersNumber of Harmonics



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Q How can I see what my circuit is doing during the small-signal analysis?
A In the scope, select View and then select Time scale
Have a look at the waveforms in the time-domain during the small-signal analysis. There you can see how large the deviation of the steady state is and if the initial conditions from the *.ic file are used properly.



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Q I performed a small signal analysis, but I do not see the transfer function in my tiny scopes?
A Open the scopes in the with the right mouse cursor. First the Bode-diagram is calculated, which might take some time. (You will see the progress bar 3 times per input signal)



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Q Can I have more than one input per scope during the small signal analysis?
A You can have up to 20 traces/inputs in the scope. Both the magnitude and phase have te same color as the connection of the scope and the same color as the trace during the time domain simulation and multiple simulation.



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Q If I change the number of harmonics to be displayed, do I have to perform another small-signal analysis?
A No, after changing the number of harmonics in the scope by selecting Scale/DFT parameters, you only have to select the View/DFT to calculate the transfer function and redisplay all harmonics.



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Q Is current measurement through controlled sources possible?
A Measurement through controlled sources is only possible for the A, B, E and H source. This applies to the block "Current" and the current measurement by a scope.For measuring currents through an F or G source, use an external voltage source (V=0) or resistor.



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Q How to change the gain in a controlled source?
A Use the block ChangeE to change the value of the gain of an E, F, G or H source during simulation.
Specify the name of the circuit component at the edit field "Text1". The value of the component is set to the value of the first input of the block ChangeE. The second input specifies when the component value is changed in time. By setting this value to 0, the component value is only changed when the input signal is changing.



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Q How to include a Spice netlist, Spice options or a Spice .Model?
A Use the block NETLIST from the standard circuit list to include any Spice compatible netlist. For example, you can include .Model parameters inside a library block.
Note that the Netlist you include is globel for the whole model, also when included in a library block. Define the netlist at Text1 of the component.



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Q How long can file names be?
A The total length of the file name including the drive letter, extension and the complete directory may not exceed 256 characters. Do not use " " spaces, ",", "." inside file names, since some programs can make a mess of your original file name.
On the other side be original with naming your files and avoid the use of Test1, test2, etc. Use CapitalsInYourFileName or under_scores to make your file name more readable.



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Q What is the format of numerical data files for the Lookup Tables and the Scope?
A Since we are using the SI metric format the . is used for seperation. So use 1.5 instead of 1,5 If you are using EXCEL to create data files, please take care that you have the decimal separator . as default.
To change the decimal separator from , into . open the "Regional Options" dialog box in Windows by clicking "Start", "Settings", "Control Panel". In "Regional Options" select the tab "Numbers" and define a dot . at the field "Decimal Symbol:"
Export text data files using spaces as separator. Do not use tabs or semicolons to separate the columns.



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Q What are the restrictions when using the Simulink coupling?
A Caspoc should be installed in a directory without spaces in the folder name. For example: c:\Program Files causes an error in Simulink. The number of inputs for the Caspoc2Simulink block in simulink is limited to 10.



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Q I make changes in a sample or library block, but it looks like it has no effect or gives only errors.
A If the samples or library blocks were copied from CD, please remove the Read-Only attribute. In the Windows-Explorer you select the files (Ctrl-A) Ìnd with the right mouse button click select Properties. Disable the check mark at Read-Only.

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